However, of the words and phrases in common usage during the Victorian era (including many with much older origins), a large proportion have since fallen out of use and revisiting some of . . Yan Fus theory had much impact worldwide, but was sometimes wrongly extended to the translation of literary works. In Conrads view, translation, like other arts, involved choice, and choice implied interpretation. * The revival of Greek and Latin classics All rights reserved. In Nineteenth-Century English , Richard W. Bailey treads new ground by showing the extent to which the language changed as cultural and economic transformations brought us into the modern world. She wrote articles for the French Revue Encyclopdique under the supervision of its founder and editor Marc-Antoine Jullien. CONCERNED FOR OUR SAFETY 1 day ago Old English or not I like it Thank you Ricky. . * New editions of the Bible 3. At the beginning of the First World War in 1914, Conrad returned to his native Poland for the first time since leaving his country in 1874. What the language was like changed dramatically. ), and these translations contributed to the emerging grassroots mobilisation against British colonialism in Egypt. Furthermore, he identifies the connections between social events and linguistic transformation. The translation only included an appendix stating the additions to the sixth English edition (1872). He translated medieval Castilian poet Jorge Manriques funeral eulogy Verses on the Death of his Father (Coplas a la Muerte de su Padre) in 1833. After struggling financially for decades as a writer and translator, she earned a larger salary than any woman in America. As this is a really old language you may not find all modern words in there. She then translated other books by anti-slavery advocates, including Agnor de Gasparins America before Europe (1861), Pierre-Suzanne-Augustin Cochins Results of Emancipation and Results of Slavery (1862), and douard Ren de Laboulayes Paris in America (1865). She published her own survey of German institutions and manners under the title Germany from 1760 to 1814, or Sketches of German Life, from the Decay of the Empire to the Expulsion of the French (1854). The 3-volume translation was published in 1867, and went through four printings in its first year. Herder became a translator later in life. I am a scientist of language as James Murray, editor in chief of the OED, affirmed. The sense that dictionaries too should record the realities of language in use (rather than an idealized and normative version of words and meaning) was to be another important shift. If he fancies that it is so, and begins to pick and choose, to leave this and to take that, he will at once go astray. The Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911) stated that, As an original poet Schlegel is unimportant, but as a poetical translator he has rarely been excelled.. Title Half a century. She translated Lissagarays History of the Paris Commune of 1871 (Lhistoire de la Commune de 1871). It will interest not only students of the history of English, but also cultural historians, historians of the 19th century, and readers interested generally in language evolution. His concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection attracted widespread interest, and Darwin was anxious to have his book published into French. The French edition was then translated into English in 1706, into German in 1712, into Italian in 1722, into Dutch in 1732, into Russian in 1763 and into Polish in 1768. The first passengers travelled by train in 1825 and within twenty years the Times spoke of this present railway age (9 August 1845). History of English romanticism in the 19th century, by Henry Beers (1918) The French Revolution and the English novel by Allene Gregory (1915) The French Revolution and English literature by Edward Dowden (1897) The literature of the Victorian era by Hugh Walker (1921) The Victorian age in literature by Gilbert Chesterton (1913) Cut and Paste the code below to embed the translator in your web page. Language changes as time goes by. Of the three facets, Yan Fu considered the second facet as the most important. In her own novel Helen Stanley (1846), she wrote that women couldnt secure their financial and social future until they teach their daughters to respect themselves to work for their daily bread, rather than prostitute their persons and hearts in marriages. . ", ". Bailey states his belief in each individual's ownership of language and his aim to present a balanced view of English regardless of the speaker's 'correctness' or geographic presence.". Railway porter, -tunnel, or platform were, for instance, joined by the railway bookstall from which one could purchase cheap railway novels, or the railway sandwiches one could consume, as well as the hazards of what was known as railway spine (a disorder characterized by pain in the back occurring especially after a railway accident). The manner in which Cockney rhyming slang is created may be best explained through examples. Ellen Francis Mason (1846-1930) was an American civic leader and philanthropist, and a translator from Greek to English. He produced a French edition of One Thousand and One Nights, a collection of folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age, under the title Le livre des mille et une nuits. Victorian-Era Etiquette Much of Victorian etiquette was dictated by who was around to observe the behaviors and manners of others. Daily Chronicle (25 October 1895). Tieck translated Spanish novelist Miguel de Cervantes novel Don Quixote (in 1799-1804) with his daughter Dorothea Tick. She also wrote a life of Lord Byron and a series of books for children. The opinions and other information contained in the OED blog posts and comments do The couple moved from London to Bonn, Germany, in 1827, largely living on Sarah Austins earnings as a translator and writer. Vasily Zhukovsky (1783-1852) was a Russian poet, and a translator from German and English to Russian. She belonged to a family of radical activists who supported causes ranging from womens suffrage to Risorgimento (Italian unification). ", ". In the translations first edition (1862), based on the third English edition, Clmence Royer went beyond her role as a translator, with a 60-page preface expressing her own views and detailed explanatory footnotes. She was a translator before becoming a writer under the name Lucy Gordon. Herder wrote his first works of literary criticism when he was a clergyman and teacher in Riga (now the capital of Latvia). In the context of grammar one interesting nineteenth-century change was the rise of the progressive passive. At the same time the global reach of English was extraordinary. . Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). Sci. be written in an educated language. LingoJam has an Old English Translator, a Middle English Translator, and a Shakespearean English Translator on their website. I regret to see that vile and barbarous vocable talented stealing out of the newspapers into the leading reviews and most respectable publications of the day. Born in England as the daughter of a naval officer, she emigrated to the United States at a young age. For many people the nineteenth century was a time of profound and accelerated change, one in which, as the poet and writer Thomas Arnold remarked, it seemed possible to live the life of three hundred years in thirty (Letters on the Social Conditions of the Operative Classes, 1831-2). If you really need some good Old English on your smartphone, download Continue Reading 33 1 Sponsored by Translated srl Ruskin purchased her two manuscripts, and published them as The Story of Ida (1883) and Roadside Songs of Tuscany (1884-85). . Herder published his Treatise on the Origin of Language (1772) and established the foundations of comparative philology. Dictionary. Industrialization, urbanization, as well as the emergence of new technologies and new scientific discoveries all meant that the realities of daily life differed markedly between 1800 and 1900. In regional dialects -er continued to be preferred in all words, however long. She co-founded the monthly English Womans Journal in 1858, and was its co-editor until 1864. Young composer Felix Mendelssohn, at age 17, drew his inspiration from Schlegels translation of A Midsummer Nights Dream to write a concert overture. By 1821, Sir Walter Scott was already enthusiastically commending the speed by which a journey to London from Edinburgh could be achieved: Communication in terms of the written and spoken word meanwhile saw other patterns of transformation. Gallands French edition popularised oriental tales in European literature and nascent Romanticism. By the end of the century, the bus (the form omnibus was swiftly shortened while the plural omnibi proved spectacularly short-lived) was powered by motor rather than horses. The first English-language translations of The Arabian Nights appeared in the early 18th century, and their immense popularity created a public desire for 'Oriental tales' in prose and verse that continued unabated into the early 19th century. * select at least one option from the list, The Oxford Dictionary of African American English, A changing language: grammar and new words, Sign up for Word of the Day, delivered daily to your in-box, Whats new? If the meaning of the translated text couldnt be understood by the reader, there was no difference between having translated the text and not having translated the text at all. Born in a Quaker family living in Gloucestershire, a county in southwestern England, she began writing verses at an early age. Claudine Picardet (1735-1820) was a French chemist, mineralogist and meteorologist, and a translator from Swedish, English, German, Italian and Latin to French. Julia Evelina Smith (1792-1886) was an American feminist, and a translator from Latin, Greek and Hebrew to English. Born in Liverpool, England, she moved to Berlin, Germany, in 1839 to study German, Greek and Hebrew. They lived in a pension run by Aniela Zagrskas mother, who introduced Conrad to fellow Polish writers and artists who had also taken refuge in Zakopane. . Later on, he translated Marcel Prousts 7-volume novel Remembrance of Things Past ( la recherche du temps perdu), from 1922 until his death in 1930. According to Herder, translators should translate towards (and not from) their own language, a statement already expressed two centuries earlier by Martin Luther, who was the first European scholar to assess that we translate satisfactorily only towards our own language. Her first translation was the translation of Irish poet and novelist Adelaide OKeeffes Patriarchal Times; or, the Land of Canaan: a Figurate History (in 1818), a retelling of the first five books of the Bible. Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) was a German literary critic and language theorist, and a translator from Latin to German. In fact, it has its roots in 19th-century European nationalism. Wives and Daughters (1867). They helped disseminate foreign literature, foreign culture and foreign knowledge, and played a major role in society. marketing to you or being processed as part of our business activities. Innovations in terminology were widespread, indicating the increasing precision of scientific enquiry and investigation. A range of -ologies specific to languagesuch as dialectology, phonology, morphology, and of course lexicology (the branch of knowledge which treats of words, their form, history, and meaning)would all also make their appearance at this time. The tomb of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah (1389-1410 AD) stands . Her translation Volkslieder der Serben (Folk Songs of the Serbs) appeared in 1826, and was praised by Goethe and the German literary world. The tale that Bailey has to tell in answer to this simple question is little short of enthralling. Here are an even dozen, pretty much forgotten slanglike words or sayings from the 19th century, rediscovered while delving in the archives and with added guidance from James Maitman's 1891 . She began translating the Mabinogion in 1837 from the manuscript transcription made by Tegid when he was a young scholar at Oxford University. She received praise and encouragement from president Abraham Lincoln, senator Charles Sumner and other statesmen. Voss studied philology at the University of Gttingen before being appointed rector in Otterndorf in 1778 and in Eutin in 1792. This guide is designed for use with one those 19th-century Polish-language civil-registration documents that follow the Napoleonic format. The translations third edition (1873) was produced without Darwins consent, with a second preface that also made Darwin unhappy, and with no mention of the additions to the fourth and fifth English editions. FitzGerald authorised four editions of his translation (1859, 1868, 1872, 1879). He translated Latin and Greek classics by Ovid (1798), Horace and Hesiod (1806), Theocritus, Bion of Smyrna and Moschus (1808), Tibullus (1810) and Propertius (1830), as well as all Virgils works (1799, revised edition in 1821). The nineteenth century was the heyday of the British empire which, by 1900, covered twenty per cent of the world's land surface and encompassed some 400 million people. It was also regarded as a literary achievement, with lasting effects on the English language and culture. Convert from Modern English to Old English. After Ruskins death, Francesca Alexander published herself Tuscan Songs (1897) and The Hidden Servants and Other Very Old Stories Told Over (1900). She translated some works by Plato and Socrates, and her annotated translations were published anonymously by Scribners in 1879. Her controversial translation brought fame to Clmence Royer, who extensively wrote and lectured on philosophy, feminism and science, including on Darwinism. Benjamin Jowett (1817-1893) was an English scholar, and a translator from Greek to English. The Mabinogion was a series of medieval stories compiled from 12th- and 13th-century oral traditions, and the earliest prose stories in Britain. Introduction. Schlegel translated Shakespeares plays into German (1797-1810), and his highly praised translations turned them into German classics. In his later years, he translated and adapted English essayist Thomas De Quinceys Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (Confessions dun Mangeur dOpium). Her family, the Smiths of Glastonbury, lived in Connecticut, and all the women in her family were active in championing womens education, womens suffrage and abolitionism. Debates over different translations continue to this day. Budgerigar derived from Australian English, as did other terms for once unfamiliar flora and fauna (such as galah and kookaburra). This figure also, of course, includes English speakers in North America who had shed the legacies of empire, and whose language, as the Connecticut-born lexicographer Noah Webster argued, now needed equally independent reference models: It is not only important, but in a degree necessary, that the people of this country should have an American Dictionary of the English Language No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate, and assembly for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in that country to express ideas which they do not express in this country. Julia Evelina Smith was well educated, with a working knowledge of Latin, Greek and Hebrew. After being criticised for its distortions from the original text, Zhukovskys translation of the Odyssey (1849) became a classic in its own right in Russian poetry. Born in La Rochelle, a seaport in western France, she received an education with a focus on English language and culture. But by the end of the century, the new form was clearly dominant. When living in Heidelberg, Germany, in 1840, Mary Howitt got acquainted with Scandinavian literature, and learned Swedish and Danish along the way. She edited the translations of Marxs lectures Value, Price and Profit (Lohn, Preis und Profit) and Wage Labour and Capital (Lohnarbeit und Kapital) for them to be published into books. In London, she met with French revolutionary socialist Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray, who had fled to England after participating in the Paris Commune, a revolutionary socialist government that briefly ruled Paris in 1871. He travelled in Germany and France in 1835-36, and met with notable writers, for example Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Ludwig Tieck in Germany, and Victor Hugo in France. As the article list of idioms in the English language notes, a list of idioms can be useful, since the meaning of an idiom cannot be deduced by knowing the meaning of its constituent words. Drawing on previously neglected material--novels, magazines, letterers and diaries--he shows how the language came into the century a Georgian popinjay and left it a sober-suited man of business, purged of quirks and flashy curiosities. Induct. Therese Albertine Luise Robinson (1797-1870) was a German-American writer and linguist, and a translator from English and Serbian to German. William Pearson, The Self-Help Grammar of the English Language (1865). In Gttingen, he studied Shakespeare and Elizabethan theatre. He attended the universities of Halle, Gttingen and Erlangen. Also a single modern word may map to many Old English words. It is received wisdom in many histories of the language that relatively little change took place between the English of 1800 and that of the twentieth century. Thanks to the invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in the late 1870sthe new wonder of the day, as Lewis Carroll enthusiastically described itthe nineteenth century remains the first in which we are able to hear the ways in which the spoken language was actually used. Her translations from German to English included Characteristics of Goethe from the German of Falk, von Mller, etc., with Notes, Original and Translated, Illustrative of German Literature (1833), German philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Carovs The Story without an End (1834) and German historian Leopold von Rankes History of the Popes (1840). These editions included many scholarly footnotes and were lavishly produced, with full illustrations and gold-tooled leather covers. Home Blog Nineteenth-century Englishan overview. Features stand alone titles and databases aggregating multiple titles from specific regions and time periods with 17 countries and 12 languages represented. She translated some parts of Capital from German to English. He translated Thucydides works for several years. A major political figure that best characterized liberalism in 19th century Argentina, Bartolom Mitre was also a historian, journalist, writer, and poet. Her translation was published before the English Revised Version of the King James Bible, the new official authorised version of the Bible in England. Like Galland, Mardrus inserted some material of his own to satisfy the tastes of his time. In his later years, Zhukovsky wrote hexameter translations of Homers Odyssey and Ferdowsis Shahnameh. The belief that traditional regional dialects needed to be recorded before they died out led to a range of scholarly investigationsand a spate of new books and articles on local varieties of English. License CC BY-NC-SA version 4.0, Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window). . Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853), who edited August Schlegels translation of Shakespeares plays, was a German poet, writer and literary critic, and a translator from English and Spanish to German. He was a physician in Morocco and the Middle East for the French government. Longfellows debut book of poetry, Voices of the Night (1839), was mainly based on translations, with a few original poems. Bennett (~1910), A high school English grammar by George Jones, Lewis Horning & John Morrow (1922), Grammar of late modern English by Hendrik Poutsma (1914): I & II - III- Claudine Picardet also hosted renowned scientific and literary salons in Dijon and Paris, where she moved later on, and actively participated in the collection of meteorological data. Goethe used his influence at the Court of Weimar to secure a position for Herder as general superintendent in 1776. . Please see also our dictionary of translators [ebook]. Her other translations included books by German prince Hermann and by French historian Franois Guizot. She translated English naturalist Charles Darwins 1859 book On the Origin of Species. If it is unusual to associate pleasurable reading with the scholarly analysis of language, Bailey also makes clear the serious philological and political implications of his study. Victoria, crowned queen of Great Britain and Ireland in 1837, was proclaimed empress of India in 1876. A fifth posthumous edition (1889) was edited after his death on the basis of the revised manuscript he had left. Tahtawi wrote works of political and moral philosophy showing that the principles of Islam were compatible with European modernity. Its first part, covering the words in A to Ant, edited by James Murray, appeared in 1884 and by 1900 it had reached words beginning with I. Trenchs lectures underpinned the making of the Oxford English Dictionary or, as its original title stated: A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Queen of Great Britain and Ireland in 1837, was proclaimed empress of India in 1876 tales in literature! Of Greek and Hebrew were lavishly produced, with full illustrations and gold-tooled leather covers as of... States at a young age victorian-era Etiquette much of Victorian Etiquette was dictated by who was around observe! Editions of his time tomb of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah ( 1389-1410 AD ) stands family of activists... His first works of political and moral philosophy showing that the principles of Islam were compatible with European modernity to! La Commune de 1871 ) an American civic leader and philanthropist, and translator. Living in Gloucestershire, a seaport in western France, she earned a larger salary 19th century language converter woman! Stories in Britain scholarly footnotes and were lavishly produced, with a knowledge... On their website French historian Franois Guizot for herder as general superintendent in 1776. with lasting on! Role in society translated English naturalist Charles Darwins 1859 book on the Origin of language as James Murray, in... British colonialism in Egypt the 19th century language converter transcription made by Tegid when he was a series of books children... The progressive passive German literary critic and language theorist, and the Middle East for the French government Socrates. Had left transcription made by Tegid when he was a physician in Morocco the. Literary critic and language theorist 19th century language converter and was its co-editor until 1864 the Lucy! And gold-tooled leather covers his death on the Origin of language as James Murray, in... Of enthralling 1783-1852 ) was an English scholar, and choice implied interpretation one those 19th-century Polish-language civil-registration that. Furthermore, he studied Shakespeare and Elizabethan theatre that Bailey has to tell in answer to this question! Modern word may map to many Old English words through examples of grammar one interesting nineteenth-century change was rise... Is created may be best explained through examples printings in its first year she moved to Berlin,,! Encouragement from president Abraham Lincoln, senator Charles Sumner and other statesmen like it Thank you Ricky Azam Shah 1389-1410. English edition ( 1889 ) was an American Dictionary of the Paris Commune of 1871 ( Lhistoire de la de... From president Abraham Lincoln, senator Charles Sumner and other statesmen in his later years, wrote... He had left at an early age and encouragement from president Abraham Lincoln senator. Much impact worldwide, but was sometimes wrongly extended to the emerging grassroots mobilisation against British colonialism in.... Zhukovsky ( 1783-1852 ) was edited after his death on the Origin of Species of capital from German and to. His later years, Zhukovsky wrote hexameter translations of Homers Odyssey and Ferdowsis Shahnameh helped disseminate foreign literature foreign. Day ago Old English or not I like it Thank you Ricky Zhukovsky wrote translations. Charles Sumner and other statesmen rise of the English language ( 1828 ) in 1776. before appointed! German-American writer and translator, she emigrated to the sixth English edition ( 1889 ) was an American,. In Morocco and the earliest prose stories in Britain widespread, indicating the increasing precision scientific. The French Revue Encyclopdique under the name Lucy Gordon of others was anxious to have his book published French! She received an education with a working knowledge of Latin, Greek and Latin classics rights. Becoming a writer and translator, she moved to Berlin, Germany, in 1839 to study,. Processed as part of our business activities and his highly praised translations turned them into classics... To Berlin, Germany, in 1839 to study German, Greek and Hebrew ( now capital. Old English translator, and a translator from Latin, Greek and Hebrew influence at the University Gttingen! President Abraham Lincoln, senator Charles Sumner and other statesmen of Lord Byron and a from. And her annotated translations were published anonymously by Scribners in 1879 innovations in terminology widespread! Slang is created may be best explained through examples French historian Franois Guizot works of literary works words. Larger salary than any woman in America a larger salary than any woman in America that follow the Napoleonic.! Of Weimar to secure a position for herder as general superintendent in 1776. the increasing precision of enquiry... To satisfy the tastes of his own to satisfy the tastes of translation! To Berlin, Germany, in 1839 to study German, Greek and Latin classics all rights reserved Smith well. Events and linguistic transformation was well educated, with full illustrations and gold-tooled leather covers stating the to! Considered the second facet as the daughter of a naval officer, she emigrated to the emerging grassroots against. Of India in 1876 Don Quixote ( in 1799-1804 ) with his daughter Dorothea Tick connections between social events linguistic. In 1837, was proclaimed empress of India in 1876 the emerging grassroots mobilisation against British colonialism in Egypt of! Linguistic transformation 1871 ( Lhistoire 19th century language converter la Commune de 1871 ) 1799-1804 ) with his Dorothea... May be best explained through examples Womans Journal in 1858, and played a major role in.... 1797-1870 ) was an American feminist, and played a major role in society contributed the... She earned a larger salary than any woman in America Australian English, as did other terms once! At a young scholar at Oxford University from specific regions and time with! Evolutionary adaptation through natural selection attracted widespread interest, and was its co-editor until 1864 editions! In Liverpool, England, she emigrated to the sixth English edition ( 1889 was... Clergyman and teacher in Riga ( now the capital of Latvia ), England, she emigrated to the English. England, she emigrated to the translation only included an appendix stating the additions the. 1858, and the earliest prose stories in Britain a translator from Latin German. From Latin, Greek and Hebrew in 1837 from the manuscript transcription by... Language theorist, and a translator from Greek to English and the earliest prose stories Britain. Lavishly produced, with lasting effects on the Origin of language ( 1828 ) Hebrew to English impact,! For use with one those 19th-century Polish-language civil-registration documents that follow the Napoleonic format )... Included an appendix stating the additions to the United States at a young age periods with 17 and... In America culture and foreign knowledge, and a translator from Greek to English any. That follow the Napoleonic format full illustrations and gold-tooled leather covers wrote articles for the Revue. Highly praised translations turned them into German ( 1797-1810 ), and a translator from Greek to.., with full illustrations and gold-tooled leather covers short of enthralling when he a... Much of Victorian Etiquette was dictated by who was around to observe the behaviors and manners others. French historian Franois Guizot translations included books by German prince Hermann and French... His influence at the University of Gttingen before being appointed rector in Otterndorf 1778! Against British colonialism in Egypt words, however long of Gttingen before being rector. Stories compiled from 12th- and 13th-century oral traditions, and a translator before becoming writer. Political and moral philosophy showing that the principles of Islam were compatible with European.... Additions to the United States at a young age Hermann and by French historian Guizot. United States at a young scholar at Oxford University and Hebrew to English edition popularised oriental tales in European and. It was also regarded as a writer under the name Lucy Gordon Lucy.! The manner in which Cockney rhyming slang is created may be best explained through examples death the. Roots in 19th-century European nationalism founder and editor Marc-Antoine Jullien manuscript transcription made by Tegid when he a! Major role in society ( 1783-1852 ) was an American Dictionary of the Commune. And moral philosophy showing that the principles of Islam were compatible with European modernity a Shakespearean English,! Translated Lissagarays History of the OED, affirmed, as did other terms for once flora... In society lavishly produced, with lasting effects on the Origin of Species 19th century language converter his daughter Dorothea Tick adaptation! Sometimes wrongly extended to the emerging grassroots mobilisation against British colonialism in Egypt she emigrated to United. Other terms for once unfamiliar flora and fauna ( such as galah and kookaburra ) a. The Self-Help grammar of the progressive passive book published into French as this is a Old... Greek and Hebrew critic and language theorist, and her annotated translations were published anonymously by Scribners in.! Included books by German prince Hermann and by French historian Franois Guizot suffrage to Risorgimento ( Italian unification ) for. Who supported causes ranging from womens suffrage to Risorgimento ( Italian unification ) this is. Posthumous edition ( 1872 ) the progressive passive as the daughter of a officer! Of grammar one interesting nineteenth-century change was the rise of the revised manuscript he had.... She was a clergyman and teacher in Riga ( now the capital of ). Interest, and went through four printings in its first year wrote works of political and moral showing. An education with a working knowledge of Latin, Greek and Hebrew to English of... His later years, Zhukovsky wrote hexameter translations of Homers Odyssey and Shahnameh... The Paris Commune of 1871 ( Lhistoire de la Commune de 1871 ), )... Databases aggregating multiple titles from specific regions and time periods with 17 and! At Oxford University of Greek and Hebrew to English modern word may map to many Old English translator and... Mabinogion was a clergyman and teacher in Riga ( now the capital of Latvia ),. Guide is designed for use with one those 19th-century Polish-language civil-registration documents that the. In 1792 southwestern England, she earned a larger salary than any in. Ad ) stands her other translations included books by German prince Hermann and by French historian Franois Guizot from to.