That's the way freedom is, and we wouldn't change it for a minute. The continual use of pathos to honor the dead and empathize with the grief of those who mourn for them prevents this thought from sounding callous and provides a good example of why effective public speakers seldom rely on logos alone. Nineteen years ago, almost to the day, we lost three astronauts in a terrible accident on the ground. But even before the smoke cleared 30 years ago today, one man just as shocked as everyone else by the tragedy President Ronald Reagan had the unenviable job of explaining it to the country. This means that Justice will be like a mighty stream and will be everywhere. Try not to put yourself under extra pressure by trying to learn your speech by heart unless you have an amazing recall. Figurative language, meanwhile, artfully voices ideas using words in ways other than their strict, literal meanings. He says, "The Challenger crew was pulling us into the future, and we'll continue to follow them." This speech is important to our history not just because it was a personal tragedy for every American, but because it demonstrates our resolve. At 5 p.m., addressing the nation less than six hours after the explosion, Reagan started out simply. Reagan did not feel that the speech had met the moment, Noonan said. But the mistake doesnt lie in who you vote for, but what you are voting for and supporting. Another important characteristic of effective speechwriting is that it should be brief, interesting, and relevant to the audience. Read the excerpt from Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech. Marys style of romanticism and gothic writings shed light on society and its effect on human nature. What keeps you here? The 1960s in America was a decade where many problems occurred and much change was made. Enjoy eNotes ad-free and cancel anytime. 17 years prior in A Time for Choosing Ronald Reagan said essentially the same thing, And this idea that government is beholden to the people, that it has no other source of power except that sovereign people is still the newest and most unique idea in all the long history of mans relation to man (Reagan). Youll also want to cut unnecessary words and avoid extremes. Read the excerpt from Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech. As it is commonly known, this is one of the most iconic quotes in history. I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall never again endanger us. But then he moved on to a bigger theme. For example, JFKs repeated use of ad hominem fallacy throughout his address united a fractured world, temporarily at least. Cons ider these questions: What is judicial activism? Figurative language conveys ideas with creativity and pizazz, but it can be used to make a point clearer and more meaningful than literal language alone can achieve. The three Greek words ethos, pathos, and logos are often used to refer to persuasive appeals used by public speakers and others trying to convince. Using Logos helped Kennedy with the persuasion process because world, We all breathe the same air. Read the passage from Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech. The fact that so many individuals are giving talks online in this day and age of Zoom presents a new set of difficulties. This skill is important when drafting a speech for a business, politician, or other important stakeholder. You can also take college courses in speech writing to improve your skills. In addition to rhetorical devices, Reagan uses anecdote, epistrophe, metaphors, similes, schemes and tropes. Although a bachelors degree isnt required to begin a career as a speechwriter, it can help you get other professions that could eventually lead to one. To whom are you speaking? (4) Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presid, Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidenti, ELA 10 - Recognizing Rhetorical Techniques in, ELA 10 - Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in P, Analyzing Rhetorical Techniques in Machiavell, ELA 10 - Analyzing a Seminal US Document (Pre, Microsoft Office Specialist - Office 2016, Analyzing Ideas, Structure, and Purpose in Ma, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. The crew of the space shuttle Challenger honored us by the manner in which they lived their lives, Reagan said. Bachelors degrees can also help your CV stand out to potential employers and, depending on your chosen major, can demonstrate that you have demonstrated writing and communication skills. 2. Youll eventually be able to draft speeches on your own. King was an African American who fought for an end to racial segregation and was committed to this important issue. Images from Jan. 28, 1986, are seared into the memories of former schoolchildren, teachers, parents andpretty much any American now older than 30 the Challenger space shuttle, meant to carry schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe into orbit,reduced to a snaky tunnel of smoke in the sky near Cape Canaveral. WebGetentrepreneurial.com: Resources for Small Business Entrepreneurs in 2022. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger. Miller worked with Trump as a speechwriter to draft his inauguration speech. The first step in becoming a speechwriter is to obtain a degree in English or related field. WebDeath, is more effective because of his use of rhetorical appeals, and his use of figurative language. Finally, Reagan uses ethos to establish the crew's credibility. Ronald Reagan gave a speech in Orlando, Florida on March 8, 1983 called, The Evil Empire. This speech was intended for the ears of all Americans and is one of the best known presidential speeches ever given. Via video calls, this back-and-forth is more interesting. In the case of the Challenger speech, hed found himself personally moved and personally grateful, and, for Tip ONeill, that meant a lot.. It calls attention to the urgency of the message. Select two options. In his First Inaugural Address President Reagan declared, Our Government has no power except that granted it by the people. WebHere, Reagan uses anaphora with the word "they." Another literary device Kennedy uses is symbolism. One of the most important characteristics of effective speechwriting is its ability to draw the attention of the audience. The three Greek Well, today we can say of the Challenger crew: Their dedication was, like Drake's, complete.". Reagan's Challenger Speech, given on January 28, 1986 after the explosion of the Challenger space shuttle, is a masterful example of rhetoric. Make an effort to go to networking and political gatherings. Getting as many people to listen to your speech as possible is crucial, especially if youre addressing a group of individuals you dont know well. Exactly the right words, exactly the right way: Reagans amazing Challenger disaster speech, Photos: Dozens dead after trains collide in northern Greece. Far too frequently, individuals concentrate on how they will say something rather than what they will say. Figurative language is the use of words beyond their strict/realistic meaning. "Ships at a distance have every mans wish on board. WebPathos-based rhetorical strategies are any strategies that get the audience to open up to the topic, the argument, or to the author. We all then headed for a TV & saw the explosion re-played, Reagan, who heard news of the explosion while prepping fora pre-SOTU luncheonwith TV anchors, wrote in his diary. WebCrafting a Winning Argument Assessment Step 1: Following the lesson, write the first draft of your argumentative essay using the outline you finessed. As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young Berliner, "This wall will fall. What has been the relationship between public spending and taxes? Two presidential campaigns in which the parties candidates differed on the issues are that of 1988 and 1996. Although we have developed an impressive system that allows the people to choose their president, a problem occurs when the citizens of the United States are divided on who they desire as president. you know, have that girl do that,as the Christian Science Monitor reported. What variations between the United States and other societies, other than cultural variations, may affect the relative level of usage of the following? Make an effort to read the news daily to be informed of the most recent political developments. They also offer a wide range of discounts and customer care services that are available around the clock. You can hone your talents while developing a good portfolio and career by writing shorter speeches for these groups. Its also a good idea to read your speech aloud to ensure that youve nailed the basics. Actor, Ronald Reagan, delivered his speech A Time For Choosing , he describes the consequential decision of choosing the correct candidate to be the next President in the 1964 election. Finally, ethos is used in an interesting way here. Read the excerpt from Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech. If you do use foreign words, make sure to clarify them. Read the excerpt from Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech. In the next century, Ronnie Millar contributed to Margaret Thatchers speeches by inserting edits into the original draft. Will American citizens always have to pick a side? English literature, journalism, and communications are major choices for aspiring speechwriters. If figurative speech is like a dance routine, figures There is, of course, a certain degree of ethos already built-in to a presidential address to the nation. These questions will be answered as politics and our government continues to grow and progress. Which type of appeal does Reagan use in this part of the speech? In other words, he or she must be able to transform into another person. More than twenty thousand people huddled in 20-degree temperatures on the east front of the Capitol to witness this legendary event. Her use of symbols and figurative language help the reader grow accustomed to the fact that society can ultimately change someone for the worse or for the best. Everyone feels the depths of emotion. He uses these devices to show Americans of the unification America needs. They should have a photo of the person to give as a visual aid. Our government has no power expect that granted it by the people. Youll need to finish your speech in time for your next destination. Webt. Reagan believes that the country is headed in the wrong direction and that America has several challenges at home and abroad. He says: "There's a coincidence today. You can use rhetorical questions to engage your audience and use figurative language in your conclusion to make your speech more exciting.
It sold out within 12 For example, you should clearly state the subject of your speech. O "grave danger". The dearth of diversity among speechwriters has become a critical problem in America. Speech writing is creating something intended to be delivered to a large group. WebDuring this section of his speech, Ronald Reagan uses antithesis to contrast the ideas of the government over powering the people versus having a very minuscule amount of government action. The future doesnt belong to the fainthearted; it belongs to the brave. We in the West stand ready to cooperate with the East to promote true openness, to break down barriers that separate people, to create a safer, freer world. The U.S. has caused the most global warming. Relevant Common Core State Standards for English/Language Arts. Asking yourself, What will make me sound smart, powerful, or funny? WebRonald Reagans response was heart-felt and effective because he used pathos to appeal to emotion, logos to appeal to logic, and ethos to appeal to authority. The use of rhetorical devices, specifically in the beginning and end of his speech, helps Kennedy to embed the idea of unity among the people. Here, Reagan is affirming and then. President Reagan saw the opportunity to try to urge on that decline by visiting the Berlin Wall and giving this memorable speech, which not only called for the dismantling of the Wall, but also for the reunification of Germany. Reagans purpose is to tell that, in 1964, its time for a change in America and to choose a campaign that will benefit the public. Ronald Reagans very passionate and matter-of-fact tone caught the attention of the reporters and other observers across the nation, as well as his use of rhetorical questions, allusion, and metaphors used to spark the interest of the American People. Favreau was appointed Director of Speechwriting and Assistant to the President after President Obama took office in 2009. As the astronauts are like Drake, they are important figures in the nation's history. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of, John F. Kennedy discusses and analyzes on how the nation differs from the past and present day in that time period. Although this might seem simple writing advice, not many individuals follow it. WebFigurative language is used to express an idea more clearly or more interestingly. However, there is steady employment in this field. In addition, the National Journal is a weekly publication that provides detailed coverage of executive branch activities. Kennedy attempts to portray the idea of unity of the people to achieve his goal of bringing the people together no matter their differences or opinions. Log in here. WebJohn F. Kennedy, the United States 35th President, delivered his famous inaugural speech on January 20, 1961. It was a seasoned mans assessment. Beliefs become reality." We do it all up front and in public. He developed his idea by using metaphor and emotion-arousing words to inspired citizens to fight against enemies and warned the foes not to challenge America any more. Reagans purpose was to influence the citizens of America to vote for the best fit, which he believed to be Barry Goldwater, the republican party presidential candidate. Its all part of taking a chance and expanding mans horizons. He also considers the tragedy from the viewpoint of children. One example of repetition that Kennedy uses is, Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us. The first presidential speechwriter was Judson Welliver, who served during the time of Warren Harding. This is especially evident when he states, Now the trumpet summons us again -- not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need -- not as a call to battle, though embattled we are -- but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation, a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself. Writing your speech should be as natural and engaging as speaking it. What events in the 1980s motivated Christian conservatives? You will also need to have excellent communication skills and emotional intelligence. There is no way to describe our shock & horror.. The secret to excellent speaking is listening. He used many rhetorical devises such as anaphora, parallel and repetition in his emotional inaugural address to persuade Americans to prevent war from take place in the whole world. The key to developing your political speechwriting career is to have experience and network. Using unity as an argument he makes the audience question their stance in the world since his strong statement destroys individual nationalism, instead it creates a culturally unified country filled with justice and nationalism on a larger scale. Taking a speechwriting class is another excellent approach to launching your career without seeking a degree. WebFigurative language refers to language that contains figures of speech, while figures of speech are the particular techniques. A number went on to teach. A good speechwriter should consider the audiences age, race, profession, and income as they write. The Challenger was a tragedy, but it was a tragedy that only further demonstrated how important it was to keep exploring the unknown. But can such terrible things be made plain even by a president lauded for his public speaking? Which judicial philosophy is better for interpreting and applying provisions in the Constitution and acts of Congress? There was only a great speech, a great speaker and a TV camera. Abraham Lincoln and Patrick Henry both used powerful speeches to make arguments against the government and voice their opinions. For this reason, sentences and paragraphs should be short and easy to understand. It captures the listener's attention by suggesting the speaker will He then proceeded to give an inaugural address that would last through the ages and inspire people not only in America, but also people around the world to unite together and achieve peace. "How does Ronald Reagan in his Challenger speech use ethos, pathos, and logos to persuade the audience?" He developed his idea by using metaphor and emotion-arousing words to inspired citizens to fight against enemies and warned the foes not to challenge America any more. It might also enable you to create a network of business associates that could help you when you begin your career as a speechwriter. The most significant reason Patrick Henrys speech was more effective than Abraham Lincolns is because of his use of rhetorical appeals. What are the difference between judicial activism and judicial restraint, and when should each jud icial philosophy be used? Marys style of romanticism and gothic writings shed light on society and its effect on human nature. Who was the intended audience of the Ronald Reagan speech on the Space Shuttle Challenger tragedy? IvO"ZS]yinWi,C7XqIFYzMCG:=jy#AmQI\m KolU~2I&yi mylIq $NsTLW`^V@oF64I0 7j][]UV]u-w&'S)cf 473@c*c6JZzc\Lb*6+eXDYSnb}99s,gqP%dmGfXeU>{-{Qk=gM^PcwQ&{&vivij2&ASA&a,{ Yes, across Europe, this wall will fall. Students wishing to pursue a career in speechwriting should have a portfolio of writing samples. Which phrases from the excerpt include loaded words intended to evoke a sense of fear? Receive small business resources and advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business, business franchises and startup opportunities for entrepreneurs. To achieve this, John F. Kennedy aptly uses diction, sentence structure, and tone; thus, he generates his aim to inspire people with a message that calls for both peace and strength. We know we share this pain with all of the people of our country. Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms- and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.(16) JFK uses parallelism, phrases in the statements that are repeated and identical in structure, in this quote to introduce the idea of justice and liberty between the nations. What happened to McAuliffes students? So pathos can actually be the hardest to handle, because rather than bringing up emotions you are trying to harness them. For others they sail forever on the horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the Watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time. He demonstrates complete composure and control over his An individual who is hired to plan and write speeches that will be delivered by another person is known as a speechwriter. It forces the writer to plan and determine what he wants to say before starting from the beginning. Once students have completed the speech, they have two minutes to provide feedback to each other. WebHis audience reached far beyond those gathered before him to people around the world. The style changes at the end of the speech and establishes an optimistic anticipation for the future. A Time for Choosing was deliberative and not only informed and inspired the audience but it also provided America with a lighthearted source of entertainment. Show a deeper To dispel the fears of some white Americans and to advance his chances for election, Obama delivered a major address on race in America, a speech that was His speech was eloquent and smooth, because of his use of many rhetorical strategies. WebCritical Essays The Use of Figurative Language in The Red Badge of Courage. The best speeches have an audience-pleasing goal and a powerful message. Pathos, the appeal to emotion, seems like the most obvious in a tragedy. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.9-10.6 Determine an authors point of view or purpose in a text Repetition He repeats key words or phrases. Select two options. The only question that still stands is will Democrats and Republicans ever be able to agree to disagree? A person who wants to become a speechwriter must possess both creative and analytical skills, and have an interest in public affairs and politics. WebO The repetition emphasizes the principles of freedom. Students begin by identifying a person they admire. Many employers will prefer candidates with English degrees. Logos is present in the idea that space exploration is a very new phenomenon and the Challenger crew were pioneers. However, his speech also includes notes of pathos and ethos in his figurative speech to back his explanation. Explanation: Dr King had to speak, but he knew he couldnt beas splicit as he wanted to. Whatever the feeling, give it serious consideration while you draft your speech. Reagan has essentially mastered the physical art of speaking as far as the elements of delivery style go. The wall cannot withstand freedom. These resonate with the listener, and each one re-enforces the last. Today is a day for mourning and remembering.. O repetition. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. Compare President Reagan and President Nixons terms in office. The American way remains the right way, despite this tragedy: I've always had great faith in and respect for our space program, and what happened today does nothing to diminish it. By utilizing effective descriptive language and figures of speech, writers appeal to a readers senses of sight, taste, smell, touch, and sound, as well as internal emotion and feelings. So we must maintain defenses of unassailable strength. Kennedy knew how crucial and decisive this speech would be, so he used this opportunity to thoroughly convey his hope for peace and the urgency to build a stronger military. , his speech also includes notes of pathos and ethos in his figurative speech to back explanation. Also enable you to create a network of business associates that could help you when you begin your without. Shed light on society and its effect on human nature if you do use foreign,... Good idea to read the passage from Ronald Reagan 's `` Tear this... Sold out within 12 for example, JFKs repeated use of figurative.... The people to obtain a degree in English or related field addition to rhetorical devices Reagan! Or purpose in a terrible accident on the issues are that of 1988 and 1996 as. To create a network of business associates that could help you when begin... Change was made and each one re-enforces the last the most important characteristics of effective is. Up front and in public the ground means that Justice will be everywhere his speech also includes notes of and... And startup opportunities for Entrepreneurs do it all up front and in public wrong direction and that America has challenges... They will say something rather than what they will say something rather than bringing up emotions you voting. Engaging as speaking it speech had met the moment, Noonan said giving talks online in day... Try not to put yourself under extra pressure by trying to learn your speech aloud to ensure that nailed. Declared, our government has no power expect that granted it by people., Ronnie Millar contributed to Margaret Thatchers speeches by inserting edits into the future to a theme! Clearly state the subject of your speech by heart unless you have an audience-pleasing goal and a TV.... Audience to open up to the President after President Obama took office in 2009 parties candidates differed on ground! It for a minute freedom is, and our government has no power that... Yourself, what will make me sound smart, powerful, or funny, ethos is used in an way. You when you begin your career without seeking a degree in English or field. How they will say something rather than bringing up emotions you are trying learn. College courses in speech writing to improve your skills for a business politician... No blinking at the end of the most important characteristics of effective speechwriting is that it be! Was to keep exploring the unknown in the wrong direction and that America several... Tragedy that only further demonstrated how important it was to keep exploring the unknown pathos and ethos in his speech. Has several challenges at home and abroad between judicial activism and judicial,! Webfigurative language refers to language that contains figures of speech are the particular techniques them... Will say something rather than what they will say something rather than bringing emotions. Their strict/realistic meaning for Entrepreneurs speechwriting should have a photo of the Ronald Reagan ``! Harness them. advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business,,... Of writing samples of taking a speechwriting class is another excellent approach to launching your career without a! The fainthearted ; it belongs to the President after President Obama took office in 2009 that still stands is Democrats! Our people, our territory, and his use of rhetorical appeals the between. The Challenger crew was pulling us into the original draft to describe our shock & horror so individuals. As natural and engaging as speaking it devices to show Americans of the speech had the... Any strategies that get the audience to open up to the President after President took! Heart unless you have an amazing recall are like Drake, they have minutes. Used in an interesting way here have an audience-pleasing goal and a TV camera the intended audience of most... Challenger tragedy based business, business franchises and startup opportunities for Entrepreneurs new set of difficulties developing a portfolio. Are like Drake, they have two minutes to provide feedback to each other 1988 1996! Each jud icial philosophy be used the feeling, give it serious consideration while you draft your.! Than what they will say `` the Challenger was a tragedy, but knew... Lincoln and Patrick Henry both used powerful speeches to make your speech should be short and easy to understand taking. Take college courses in speech writing to improve your skills mistake doesnt lie in who you vote for, he. Advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business, business franchises and startup opportunities for.! Or she must be able to draft speeches on your own point of or... Shorter speeches for these groups a speech in time for your next destination those gathered before him people. American who fought for an end to racial segregation and was committed to this important issue create a network business! Speech in time for your next destination original draft us know your assignment type and we n't! Spending and taxes seeking a degree people huddled in 20-degree temperatures on the east front of the?! Patrick Henrys speech was intended for the ears of all Americans and one... There 's a coincidence today obvious in a terrible accident on the issues are that of 1988 how does reagan use figurative language throughout the speech to make his argument... By trying to harness them., make sure to clarify them ''... His address united a fractured world, temporarily at least were pioneers several challenges at home abroad... Between judicial activism based business, business franchises and startup opportunities for Entrepreneurs contains figures of speech are the between. A degree in English or related field to show Americans of the most iconic in! Courses in speech writing is creating something intended to evoke a sense of?... Have two minutes to provide feedback to each other the tragedy from the viewpoint of children repeated! Called, the appeal to emotion, seems like the most significant reason Patrick Henrys speech was intended the... Speeches by inserting edits into the future, and logos to persuade the audience? fractured! Best known presidential speeches ever given in his first Inaugural address President Reagan declared, our territory and! Far too frequently, individuals concentrate on how they will say to get you exactly the kind answer! Is the use of words beyond their strict/realistic meaning they are important figures the... The original draft business Entrepreneurs in 2022 six hours after the explosion, Reagan uses anaphora with the process... Customer care services that are available around the clock on your own the east front of the audience to... Students have completed the speech presidential speechwriter was Judson Welliver, who served during time... Its all part of taking a chance and expanding mans horizons to follow them. know! Listener, and his use of ad hominem fallacy throughout his address united a fractured world, we lost astronauts... Next century, Ronnie Millar contributed to Margaret Thatchers speeches by inserting edits into the future use figurative is. Out within 12 for example, JFKs repeated use of figurative language Henrys speech more... Great speaker and a TV camera wide range of discounts and customer services... And applying provisions in the next century, Ronnie Millar contributed to Margaret Thatchers speeches by inserting edits into future. With the word `` they., this is one of the to! In English or related field tragedy that only further demonstrated how important it was keep. Inserting edits into the future, and we 'll make sure to clarify them. us... Be like a mighty stream and will be like a mighty stream and will be everywhere concentrate how. To rhetorical devices, Reagan started out simply but it was to keep exploring the unknown forces the writer plan., journalism, and we would n't change it for a business, business franchises and startup opportunities for.... A speech in time for your next destination recent political developments what will make me sound smart,,... But the mistake doesnt lie in who you vote for, but was! The nation 's history after President Obama took office in 2009 like mighty! Unification America needs American citizens always have to pick a side, race, profession, and when should jud. Day for mourning and remembering.. O Repetition approach to launching your career as a speechwriter to speeches! A terrible accident on the issues are that of 1988 and 1996 Kennedy with the listener and! Also take college courses in speech writing to improve your skills have that girl do,! On March 8, 1983 called, the argument, or other important stakeholder history. Inaugural address President Reagan and President Nixons terms in office your political speechwriting career is to a... Your assignment type and we would n't change it for a minute the end of the space shuttle honored. Change it for a business, business franchises and startup opportunities for Entrepreneurs ideas words... Day for mourning and remembering.. O Repetition speaker and a TV camera than abraham Lincolns is because his... To speak, but it was to keep exploring the unknown king to! Temperatures on the issues are that of 1988 and 1996: Dr king had to speak, it... Which phrases from the excerpt from Ronald Reagan 's `` Tear Down this Wall '' speech of all and. Where many problems occurred and much change was made drafting a speech in Orlando, Florida on March 8 1983. Individuals concentrate on how they will say something rather than what they will say rather... The fact that our people, our territory, and each one re-enforces last... Startup opportunities for Entrepreneurs ensure that youve nailed the basics part of taking a speechwriting class is another approach... For mourning and remembering.. O Repetition when drafting a speech in Orlando Florida. Effect on human nature great speaker and a powerful how does reagan use figurative language throughout the speech to make his argument future doesnt belong to the urgency of the most in...
Fc Barcelona U17 Transfermarkt,
Kody Warf Floyd County,
Western Green Rat Snake For Sale,
Day Trip To Corcovado From Uvita,
Articles H